# rpm-ostree CLI Analysis

## Executive Summary

rpm-ostree provides a comprehensive command-line interface that serves as the primary user interface for the hybrid image/package system. The CLI is designed to be intuitive, powerful, and consistent, offering both basic operations for end users and advanced features for system administrators.

## CLI Architecture

### Command Structure

rpm-ostree follows a hierarchical command structure with main commands and subcommands:

```
rpm-ostree [GLOBAL_OPTIONS] COMMAND [COMMAND_OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS]
```

### Global Options

- `--version`: Show version information
- `--help`: Show help information
- `--verbose`: Enable verbose output
- `--quiet`: Suppress output
- `--json`: Output in JSON format
- `--sysroot=PATH`: Specify system root path

## Core Commands

### 1. Status Command

**Purpose**: Display system status and deployment information

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree status [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--json`: Output in JSON format
- `--booted`: Show only booted deployment
- `--pending`: Show only pending deployment

**Output Format**:
```
State: idle
Deployments:
* ostree://fedora:fedora/x86_64/silverblue
                   Version: 38.20231201.0 (2023-12-01 12:34:56)
                BaseCommit: abc123def456...
              GPGSignature: Valid signature by 1234567890ABCDEF
           LayeredPackages: vim git

  ostree://fedora:fedora/x86_64/silverblue
                   Version: 38.20231115.0 (2023-11-15 10:20:30)
                BaseCommit: def456ghi789...
              GPGSignature: Valid signature by 1234567890ABCDEF
           LayeredPackages: vim
```

**Implementation**:
- Queries OSTree sysroot for deployment information
- Displays current and available deployments
- Shows layered packages and version information
- Indicates booted and pending deployments

### 2. Upgrade Command

**Purpose**: Upgrade system to latest version

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree upgrade [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--check`: Check for updates without upgrading
- `--download-only`: Download updates without installing
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after upgrade
- `--allow-downgrade`: Allow downgrading packages
- `--unchanged-exit-77`: Exit with 77 if no changes

**Execution Flow**:
1. Check for available updates
2. Download new packages
3. Create new deployment
4. Install updates
5. Update boot configuration
6. Optionally reboot

**Implementation**:
- Uses libdnf to check for updates
- Downloads packages via DNF
- Creates new OSTree commit with updates
- Manages deployment switching
- Handles rollback on failure

### 3. Rollback Command

**Purpose**: Rollback to previous deployment

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree rollback [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after rollback
- `--not-as-default`: Don't set as default boot option

**Execution Flow**:
1. Identify previous deployment
2. Switch to previous deployment
3. Update boot configuration
4. Optionally reboot

**Implementation**:
- Queries OSTree for available deployments
- Switches to previous deployment
- Updates GRUB/systemd-boot configuration
- Manages boot order

### 4. Deploy Command

**Purpose**: Deploy specific version or commit

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree deploy [OPTIONS] [REF]
```

**Options**:
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after deployment
- `--not-as-default`: Don't set as default boot option
- `--os=OSNAME`: Specify operating system name

**Examples**:
```bash
# Deploy specific version
rpm-ostree deploy fedora:fedora/x86_64/silverblue/38.20231201.0

# Deploy specific commit
rpm-ostree deploy abc123def456...

# Deploy with reboot
rpm-ostree deploy --reboot fedora:fedora/x86_64/silverblue/38.20231201.0
```

**Implementation**:
- Validates deployment reference
- Downloads deployment if needed
- Switches to specified deployment
- Updates boot configuration

### 5. Install Command

**Purpose**: Install packages as layers

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree install [OPTIONS] PACKAGES...
```

**Options**:
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after installation
- `--allow-inactive`: Allow installing on inactive deployment
- `--idempotent`: Don't error if packages already installed

**Examples**:
```bash
# Install single package
rpm-ostree install vim

# Install multiple packages
rpm-ostree install vim git build-essential

# Install with reboot
rpm-ostree install --reboot firefox
```

**Execution Flow**:
1. Resolve package dependencies
2. Download packages
3. Create new deployment with packages
4. Install packages in new deployment
5. Update boot configuration
6. Optionally reboot

**Implementation**:
- Uses libdnf for dependency resolution
- Downloads packages via DNF
- Creates new OSTree commit with packages
- Manages package layering
- Handles conflicts and rollback

### 6. Uninstall Command

**Purpose**: Remove layered packages

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree uninstall [OPTIONS] PACKAGES...
```

**Options**:
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after uninstallation
- `--idempotent`: Don't error if packages not installed

**Examples**:
```bash
# Remove single package
rpm-ostree uninstall vim

# Remove multiple packages
rpm-ostree uninstall vim git

# Remove with reboot
rpm-ostree uninstall --reboot firefox
```

**Execution Flow**:
1. Check if packages are installed
2. Create new deployment without packages
3. Remove packages from new deployment
4. Update boot configuration
5. Optionally reboot

**Implementation**:
- Validates package installation status
- Creates new deployment without packages
- Manages package removal
- Handles dependencies and conflicts

### 7. Override Command

**Purpose**: Manage package overrides

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree override [SUBCOMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS]
```

**Subcommands**:
- `replace`: Replace package with different version
- `remove`: Remove package from base
- `reset`: Reset package to base version
- `list`: List current overrides

**Examples**:
```bash
# Replace package
rpm-ostree override replace kernel /path/to/custom-kernel.rpm

# Remove package from base
rpm-ostree override remove package-name

# Reset package
rpm-ostree override reset package-name

# List overrides
rpm-ostree override list
```

**Implementation**:
- Manages package override state
- Handles package replacement
- Tracks override history
- Manages base package modifications

### 8. Rebase Command

**Purpose**: Switch to different base image

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree rebase [OPTIONS] [REF]
```

**Options**:
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after rebase
- `--os=OSNAME`: Specify operating system name

**Examples**:
```bash
# Rebase to different version
rpm-ostree rebase fedora:fedora/x86_64/silverblue/39

# Rebase to different OS
rpm-ostree rebase --os=fedora fedora:fedora/x86_64/silverblue/39
```

**Execution Flow**:
1. Download new base image
2. Merge user packages to new base
3. Create new deployment
4. Update boot configuration
5. Optionally reboot

**Implementation**:
- Downloads new base image
- Preserves user packages
- Creates new deployment
- Manages package compatibility

### 9. Compose Command

**Purpose**: Build custom images

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree compose [SUBCOMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS]
```

**Subcommands**:
- `tree`: Build tree from configuration
- `build-image`: Build container image
- `extensions`: Manage extensions

**Examples**:
```bash
# Build tree
rpm-ostree compose tree config.yaml

# Build container image
rpm-ostree compose build-image --format=docker output.tar

# Manage extensions
rpm-ostree compose extensions list
```

**Implementation**:
- Parses configuration files
- Builds custom images
- Manages extensions
- Generates container images

### 10. DB Command

**Purpose**: Query package database

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree db [SUBCOMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS]
```

**Subcommands**:
- `diff`: Show differences between deployments
- `list`: List packages in deployment
- `version`: Show package versions

**Examples**:
```bash
# Show differences
rpm-ostree db diff deployment1 deployment2

# List packages
rpm-ostree db list

# Show versions
rpm-ostree db version package-name
```

**Implementation**:
- Queries package database
- Compares deployments
- Lists package information
- Shows version details

### 11. Search Command

**Purpose**: Search for packages

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree search [OPTIONS] QUERY
```

**Options**:
- `--json`: Output in JSON format
- `--limit=N`: Limit number of results

**Examples**:
```bash
# Search by name
rpm-ostree search firefox

# Search by description
rpm-ostree search "web browser"
```

**Implementation**:
- Uses libdnf for package search
- Searches package metadata
- Returns relevant results
- Supports various search criteria

### 12. Kargs Command

**Purpose**: Manage kernel arguments

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree kargs [OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS]
```

**Options**:
- `--reboot`: Automatically reboot after changes
- `--append`: Append kernel arguments
- `--delete`: Delete kernel arguments
- `--replace`: Replace kernel arguments

**Examples**:
```bash
# Show current kernel arguments
rpm-ostree kargs

# Append kernel argument
rpm-ostree kargs --append="quiet"

# Delete kernel argument
rpm-ostree kargs --delete="quiet"

# Replace kernel arguments
rpm-ostree kargs --replace="quiet splash"
```

**Implementation**:
- Manages kernel argument state
- Updates boot configuration
- Handles argument modification
- Preserves argument history

### 13. Initramfs Command

**Purpose**: Manage initramfs

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree initramfs [SUBCOMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS]
```

**Subcommands**:
- `enable`: Enable initramfs
- `disable`: Disable initramfs
- `etc`: Manage initramfs files

**Examples**:
```bash
# Enable initramfs
rpm-ostree initramfs enable

# Disable initramfs
rpm-ostree initramfs disable

# Manage files
rpm-ostree initramfs etc --track=/etc/fstab
```

**Implementation**:
- Manages initramfs state
- Handles initramfs generation
- Tracks initramfs files
- Updates boot configuration

### 14. Usroverlay Command

**Purpose**: Create transient overlayfs to /usr

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree usroverlay [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
```

**Options**:
- `--init`: Initialize overlay
- `--cleanup`: Clean up overlay

**Examples**:
```bash
# Initialize overlay
rpm-ostree usroverlay --init

# Run command in overlay
rpm-ostree usroverlay --init -- dnf install package

# Clean up overlay
rpm-ostree usroverlay --cleanup
```

**Implementation**:
- Creates overlayfs mount
- Manages overlay state
- Handles command execution
- Cleans up overlay

### 15. Apply-Live Command

**Purpose**: Apply changes to running system

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree apply-live [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--reload`: Reload configuration
- `--replace`: Replace running system

**Examples**:
```bash
# Apply live changes
rpm-ostree apply-live

# Apply with reload
rpm-ostree apply-live --reload
```

**Implementation**:
- Applies changes to running system
- Manages live updates
- Handles configuration reload
- Manages system state

### 16. Cancel Command

**Purpose**: Cancel pending transaction

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree cancel [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--force`: Force cancellation

**Examples**:
```bash
# Cancel transaction
rpm-ostree cancel

# Force cancellation
rpm-ostree cancel --force
```

**Implementation**:
- Cancels pending transactions
- Cleans up transaction state
- Handles force cancellation
- Manages rollback

### 17. Cleanup Command

**Purpose**: Clean up old deployments

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree cleanup [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--base`: Clean up base images
- `--repomd`: Clean up repository metadata
- `--rollback`: Clean up rollback deployments

**Examples**:
```bash
# Clean up old deployments
rpm-ostree cleanup

# Clean up base images
rpm-ostree cleanup --base

# Clean up rollback deployments
rpm-ostree cleanup --rollback
```

**Implementation**:
- Identifies old deployments
- Removes unused deployments
- Cleans up base images
- Manages disk space

### 18. Reload Command

**Purpose**: Reload configuration

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree reload [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--os=OSNAME`: Specify operating system name

**Examples**:
```bash
# Reload configuration
rpm-ostree reload

# Reload specific OS
rpm-ostree reload --os=fedora
```

**Implementation**:
- Reloads system configuration
- Updates repository metadata
- Refreshes package information
- Manages configuration state

### 19. Reset Command

**Purpose**: Reset system state

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree reset [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--os=OSNAME`: Specify operating system name
- `--hard`: Hard reset (remove all changes)

**Examples**:
```bash
# Reset system
rpm-ostree reset

# Hard reset
rpm-ostree reset --hard
```

**Implementation**:
- Resets system state
- Removes user changes
- Restores base state
- Manages state reset

### 20. Refresh-MD Command

**Purpose**: Refresh repository metadata

**Usage**:
```bash
rpm-ostree refresh-md [OPTIONS]
```

**Options**:
- `--os=OSNAME`: Specify operating system name

**Examples**:
```bash
# Refresh metadata
rpm-ostree refresh-md

# Refresh specific OS
rpm-ostree refresh-md --os=fedora
```

**Implementation**:
- Downloads repository metadata
- Updates package information
- Refreshes repository state
- Manages metadata cache

## Advanced Features

### JSON Output

Many commands support JSON output for programmatic use:

```bash
# JSON status output
rpm-ostree status --json

# JSON search output
rpm-ostree search --json firefox
```

### Verbose Output

Enable detailed output for debugging:

```bash
# Verbose upgrade
rpm-ostree upgrade --verbose

# Verbose install
rpm-ostree install --verbose vim
```

### Dry Run Mode

Some commands support dry run mode for testing:

```bash
# Dry run upgrade
rpm-ostree upgrade --check

# Dry run install
rpm-ostree install --dry-run vim
```

## Error Handling

### Common Error Scenarios

1. **Network Errors**: Package download failures
2. **Dependency Conflicts**: Package dependency issues
3. **Disk Space**: Insufficient storage space
4. **Permission Errors**: Insufficient privileges
5. **OSTree Errors**: Filesystem operation failures

### Error Recovery

- **Automatic Rollback**: Failed operations automatically rollback
- **Manual Recovery**: Manual recovery procedures available
- **Error Reporting**: Detailed error messages and guidance
- **Logging**: Comprehensive logging for debugging

## Integration with Other Tools

### GUI Integration

- **GNOME Software**: Integration with GNOME Software Center
- **KDE Discover**: Integration with KDE Discover
- **Flatpak**: Integration with Flatpak applications

### System Integration

- **systemd**: Integration with systemd services
- **D-Bus**: D-Bus interface for other applications
- **PolicyKit**: Authentication and authorization

## Performance Considerations

### Optimization Strategies

1. **Parallel Downloads**: Concurrent package downloads
2. **Caching**: Package and metadata caching
3. **Delta Updates**: Incremental update support
4. **Compression**: Efficient data compression

### Resource Usage

- **Memory**: Efficient memory usage for large operations
- **Disk**: Optimized disk usage through deduplication
- **Network**: Bandwidth optimization for downloads
- **CPU**: Parallel processing for package operations

## Security Features

### Package Verification

- **GPG Signatures**: Package signature verification
- **Checksums**: Package integrity checks
- **Secure Downloads**: HTTPS for package downloads

### Access Control

- **PolicyKit**: Privileged operation authentication
- **User Permissions**: User-specific permissions
- **System Policies**: System-wide security policies

## Future Enhancements

### Planned Features

1. **Container Integration**: Direct container support
2. **Cloud Integration**: Cloud deployment support
3. **Advanced Search**: Enhanced search capabilities
4. **Performance Monitoring**: Built-in performance monitoring

### CLI Improvements

1. **Interactive Mode**: Interactive command mode
2. **Command Completion**: Enhanced command completion
3. **Progress Indicators**: Better progress reporting
4. **Configuration Management**: Enhanced configuration options