526f1c1afd
- Complete documentation for all bootc commands and subcommands - Debian-specific adaptations and workarounds - Manual installation methods to bypass bootc reliability issues - Technical guides with Rust source code analysis - Flowcharts and external command references - Hidden command documentation (bootc internals, state, etc.) - Composefs integration analysis - Base image creation guides (with and without bootc binary) - Management scripts and automation - Comprehensive troubleshooting and examples
910 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
910 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace - External Commands Reference
|
|
|
|
## Overview
|
|
|
|
This document provides a comprehensive reference for all external commands used by `bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace` operations. These commands are essential for understanding the dependencies and integration points of the exec-in-host-mount-namespace system.
|
|
|
|
## Core Commands
|
|
|
|
### bootc
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Main bootc command for exec-in-host-mount-namespace operations
|
|
**Usage**: `bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace [ARGS]...`
|
|
**Dependencies**: None (core command)
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Execute command in host mount namespace
|
|
bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace ls /
|
|
|
|
# Execute with arguments
|
|
bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
|
|
|
|
# Execute system command
|
|
bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace systemctl status
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## System Commands
|
|
|
|
### setns
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Change namespace membership
|
|
**Usage**: `setns [options...] <file> [program [arguments...]]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Change to mount namespace
|
|
setns /proc/1/ns/mnt /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Change to PID namespace
|
|
setns /proc/1/ns/pid /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Change to network namespace
|
|
setns /proc/1/ns/net /bin/bash
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### unshare
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Run program in new namespaces
|
|
**Usage**: `unshare [options...] [program [arguments...]]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Create new mount namespace
|
|
unshare -m /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Create new PID namespace
|
|
unshare -p /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Create new network namespace
|
|
unshare -n /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Create multiple namespaces
|
|
unshare -m -p -n /bin/bash
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### nsenter
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Enter namespaces
|
|
**Usage**: `nsenter [options...] [program [arguments...]]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Enter mount namespace
|
|
nsenter -m -t 1 /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Enter PID namespace
|
|
nsenter -p -t 1 /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Enter network namespace
|
|
nsenter -n -t 1 /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Enter multiple namespaces
|
|
nsenter -m -p -n -t 1 /bin/bash
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Filesystem Commands
|
|
|
|
### mount
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Mount filesystems
|
|
**Usage**: `mount [options...] <device> <directory>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Mount filesystem
|
|
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
|
|
|
|
# Mount with options
|
|
mount -o ro,noexec /dev/sda1 /mnt
|
|
|
|
# Mount bind
|
|
mount --bind /source /target
|
|
|
|
# Mount tmpfs
|
|
mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmp
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### umount
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Unmount filesystems
|
|
**Usage**: `umount [options...] <directory>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Unmount filesystem
|
|
umount /mnt
|
|
|
|
# Force unmount
|
|
umount -f /mnt
|
|
|
|
# Lazy unmount
|
|
umount -l /mnt
|
|
|
|
# Unmount all
|
|
umount -a
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### chroot
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Change root directory
|
|
**Usage**: `chroot [options...] <directory> <command>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Change root
|
|
chroot /mnt /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Change root with specific command
|
|
chroot /mnt /bin/ls
|
|
|
|
# Change root with environment
|
|
chroot /mnt env -i /bin/bash
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### chdir
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Change working directory
|
|
**Usage**: `chdir <directory>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Change to root directory
|
|
chdir /
|
|
|
|
# Change to specific directory
|
|
chdir /var/lib/bootc
|
|
|
|
# Change to home directory
|
|
chdir ~
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Process Commands
|
|
|
|
### exec
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Replace current process
|
|
**Usage**: `exec [command [arguments...]]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Replace with new command
|
|
exec /bin/bash
|
|
|
|
# Replace with command and arguments
|
|
exec /bin/ls -la /
|
|
|
|
# Replace with shell
|
|
exec /bin/sh
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### ps
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Process status
|
|
**Usage**: `ps [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: procps
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show all processes
|
|
ps aux
|
|
|
|
# Show process tree
|
|
ps -ef
|
|
|
|
# Show specific process
|
|
ps -p 1234
|
|
|
|
# Show processes by user
|
|
ps -u username
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### kill
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Send signals to processes
|
|
**Usage**: `kill [options...] <pid>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Kill process
|
|
kill 1234
|
|
|
|
# Force kill process
|
|
kill -9 1234
|
|
|
|
# Send signal
|
|
kill -TERM 1234
|
|
|
|
# Kill by name
|
|
pkill process_name
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## System Information Commands
|
|
|
|
### uname
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: System information
|
|
**Usage**: `uname [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show system name
|
|
uname
|
|
|
|
# Show all information
|
|
uname -a
|
|
|
|
# Show kernel name
|
|
uname -s
|
|
|
|
# Show kernel version
|
|
uname -r
|
|
|
|
# Show machine type
|
|
uname -m
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### hostname
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Hostname operations
|
|
**Usage**: `hostname [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: hostname
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show hostname
|
|
hostname
|
|
|
|
# Show FQDN
|
|
hostname -f
|
|
|
|
# Show short hostname
|
|
hostname -s
|
|
|
|
# Show domain name
|
|
hostname -d
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### lscpu
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: CPU information
|
|
**Usage**: `lscpu [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show CPU information
|
|
lscpu
|
|
|
|
# Show in JSON format
|
|
lscpu -J
|
|
|
|
# Show in extended format
|
|
lscpu -e
|
|
|
|
# Show in parseable format
|
|
lscpu -p
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### free
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Memory information
|
|
**Usage**: `free [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: procps
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show memory usage
|
|
free
|
|
|
|
# Show in human readable format
|
|
free -h
|
|
|
|
# Show in bytes
|
|
free -b
|
|
|
|
# Show with total
|
|
free -t
|
|
|
|
# Show with wide format
|
|
free -w
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## File Commands
|
|
|
|
### ls
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: List directory contents
|
|
**Usage**: `ls [options...] [file...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# List files
|
|
ls
|
|
|
|
# List with details
|
|
ls -l
|
|
|
|
# List all files
|
|
ls -a
|
|
|
|
# List with human readable sizes
|
|
ls -lh
|
|
|
|
# List with recursive
|
|
ls -R
|
|
|
|
# List with sort by time
|
|
ls -lt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### find
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Find files
|
|
**Usage**: `find [path...] [expression]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: findutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Find files by name
|
|
find /path -name "*.txt"
|
|
|
|
# Find files by type
|
|
find /path -type f
|
|
|
|
# Find files by size
|
|
find /path -size +100M
|
|
|
|
# Find files by modification time
|
|
find /path -mtime -7
|
|
|
|
# Find files by permissions
|
|
find /path -perm 644
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### stat
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: File status
|
|
**Usage**: `stat [options...] [file...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show file status
|
|
stat file.txt
|
|
|
|
# Show in custom format
|
|
stat -c "%n %s %Y" file.txt
|
|
|
|
# Show filesystem status
|
|
stat -f /path
|
|
|
|
# Show with format
|
|
stat --format="%n: %s bytes" file.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Storage Commands
|
|
|
|
### df
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Disk space usage
|
|
**Usage**: `df [options...] [file...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show disk usage
|
|
df -h
|
|
|
|
# Show specific filesystem
|
|
df -h /var/lib/bootc
|
|
|
|
# Show inode usage
|
|
df -i
|
|
|
|
# Show all filesystems
|
|
df -a
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### du
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Directory space usage
|
|
**Usage**: `du [options...] [file...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: coreutils
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show directory usage
|
|
du -h /var/lib/bootc
|
|
|
|
# Show total usage
|
|
du -sh /var/lib/bootc
|
|
|
|
# Show usage by subdirectory
|
|
du -h --max-depth=1 /var/lib/bootc
|
|
|
|
# Show usage of all files
|
|
du -ah /var/lib/bootc
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### lsblk
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: List block devices
|
|
**Usage**: `lsblk [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: util-linux
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# List block devices
|
|
lsblk
|
|
|
|
# Show device tree
|
|
lsblk -f
|
|
|
|
# Show device sizes
|
|
lsblk -b
|
|
|
|
# Show device types
|
|
lsblk -d
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Network Commands
|
|
|
|
### curl
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: HTTP client for registry operations
|
|
**Usage**: `curl [options...] <url>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: curl
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Download file
|
|
curl -O https://example.com/file.tar
|
|
|
|
# Get HTTP headers
|
|
curl -I https://example.com
|
|
|
|
# POST data
|
|
curl -X POST -d "data" https://example.com
|
|
|
|
# With authentication
|
|
curl -u username:password https://example.com
|
|
|
|
# With custom headers
|
|
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" https://example.com
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### wget
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: HTTP client for downloading files
|
|
**Usage**: `wget [options...] <url>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: wget
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Download file
|
|
wget https://example.com/file.tar
|
|
|
|
# Download with progress
|
|
wget --progress=bar https://example.com/file.tar
|
|
|
|
# Download recursively
|
|
wget -r https://example.com/
|
|
|
|
# Download with authentication
|
|
wget --user=username --password=password https://example.com
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Systemd Commands
|
|
|
|
### systemctl
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Systemd service management
|
|
**Usage**: `systemctl <subcommand> [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: systemd
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Check service status
|
|
systemctl status bootc-*
|
|
|
|
# Start service
|
|
systemctl start bootc-*
|
|
|
|
# Enable service
|
|
systemctl enable bootc-*
|
|
|
|
# Reload systemd configuration
|
|
systemctl daemon-reload
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### journalctl
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Systemd journal viewing
|
|
**Usage**: `journalctl [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: systemd
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show all logs
|
|
journalctl
|
|
|
|
# Show logs for service
|
|
journalctl -u bootc-*
|
|
|
|
# Show recent logs
|
|
journalctl -n 100
|
|
|
|
# Follow logs
|
|
journalctl -f
|
|
|
|
# Show logs since time
|
|
journalctl --since "1 hour ago"
|
|
|
|
# Show logs with priority
|
|
journalctl -p err
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Container Commands
|
|
|
|
### podman
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Container runtime
|
|
**Usage**: `podman <subcommand> [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: podman
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# List containers
|
|
podman ps
|
|
|
|
# List images
|
|
podman images
|
|
|
|
# Pull image
|
|
podman pull quay.io/myorg/image:latest
|
|
|
|
# Run container
|
|
podman run -it image:latest
|
|
|
|
# Build image
|
|
podman build -t myimage:latest .
|
|
|
|
# Inspect image
|
|
podman inspect image:latest
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### docker
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Alternative container runtime
|
|
**Usage**: `docker <subcommand> [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: docker
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# List containers
|
|
docker ps
|
|
|
|
# List images
|
|
docker images
|
|
|
|
# Pull image
|
|
docker pull quay.io/myorg/image:latest
|
|
|
|
# Run container
|
|
docker run -it image:latest
|
|
|
|
# Build image
|
|
docker build -t myimage:latest .
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Bootloader Commands
|
|
|
|
### grub-mkconfig
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Generate GRUB configuration
|
|
**Usage**: `grub-mkconfig [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: grub2
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Generate GRUB config
|
|
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
|
|
|
|
# Generate with specific output
|
|
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
|
|
|
|
# Generate with verbose output
|
|
grub-mkconfig -v -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### grub-install
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Install GRUB bootloader
|
|
**Usage**: `grub-install [options...] <device>`
|
|
**Dependencies**: grub2
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Install GRUB
|
|
grub-install /dev/sda
|
|
|
|
# Install with specific directory
|
|
grub-install --boot-directory=/boot /dev/sda
|
|
|
|
# Install with verbose output
|
|
grub-install -v /dev/sda
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### efibootmgr
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: EFI boot manager
|
|
**Usage**: `efibootmgr [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: efibootmgr
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# List boot entries
|
|
efibootmgr
|
|
|
|
# Create boot entry
|
|
efibootmgr -c -d /dev/sda -p 1 -L "Bootc" -l /EFI/bootc/grubx64.efi
|
|
|
|
# Delete boot entry
|
|
efibootmgr -b 0000 -B
|
|
|
|
# Set boot order
|
|
efibootmgr -o 0000,0001,0002
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Archive Commands
|
|
|
|
### tar
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Archive operations
|
|
**Usage**: `tar [options...] <archive> [file...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: tar
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Create archive
|
|
tar -cf archive.tar file1 file2
|
|
|
|
# Extract archive
|
|
tar -xf archive.tar
|
|
|
|
# List archive contents
|
|
tar -tf archive.tar
|
|
|
|
# Create compressed archive
|
|
tar -czf archive.tar.gz file1 file2
|
|
|
|
# Extract compressed archive
|
|
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### gzip
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Compression
|
|
**Usage**: `gzip [options...] [file...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: gzip
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Compress file
|
|
gzip file.txt
|
|
|
|
# Decompress file
|
|
gzip -d file.txt.gz
|
|
|
|
# Compress with custom level
|
|
gzip -9 file.txt
|
|
|
|
# Keep original file
|
|
gzip -k file.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Monitoring Commands
|
|
|
|
### top
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Process monitoring
|
|
**Usage**: `top [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: procps
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show processes
|
|
top
|
|
|
|
# Show specific user
|
|
top -u username
|
|
|
|
# Show specific process
|
|
top -p 1234
|
|
|
|
# Show with custom delay
|
|
top -d 5
|
|
|
|
# Show with custom sort
|
|
top -o %CPU
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### htop
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Interactive process monitoring
|
|
**Usage**: `htop [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: htop
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show processes
|
|
htop
|
|
|
|
# Show specific user
|
|
htop -u username
|
|
|
|
# Show specific process
|
|
htop -p 1234
|
|
|
|
# Show with custom delay
|
|
htop -d 5
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### iotop
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: I/O monitoring
|
|
**Usage**: `iotop [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: iotop
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Show I/O usage
|
|
iotop
|
|
|
|
# Show only processes doing I/O
|
|
iotop -o
|
|
|
|
# Show with custom delay
|
|
iotop -d 5
|
|
|
|
# Show with custom refresh
|
|
iotop -n 10
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Security Commands
|
|
|
|
### openssl
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: SSL/TLS operations
|
|
**Usage**: `openssl <command> [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: openssl
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Generate private key
|
|
openssl genrsa -out key.pem 2048
|
|
|
|
# Generate certificate
|
|
openssl req -new -x509 -key key.pem -out cert.pem
|
|
|
|
# Verify certificate
|
|
openssl verify cert.pem
|
|
|
|
# Check certificate details
|
|
openssl x509 -in cert.pem -text -noout
|
|
|
|
# Generate hash
|
|
openssl dgst -sha256 file.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### gpg
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: GPG operations
|
|
**Usage**: `gpg [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: gnupg
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Generate key pair
|
|
gpg --gen-key
|
|
|
|
# List keys
|
|
gpg --list-keys
|
|
|
|
# Sign file
|
|
gpg --sign file.txt
|
|
|
|
# Verify signature
|
|
gpg --verify file.txt.asc
|
|
|
|
# Encrypt file
|
|
gpg --encrypt file.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Development Commands
|
|
|
|
### make
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Build automation
|
|
**Usage**: `make [target...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: make
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Build project
|
|
make
|
|
|
|
# Clean build
|
|
make clean
|
|
|
|
# Install
|
|
make install
|
|
|
|
# Run tests
|
|
make test
|
|
|
|
# Update generated files
|
|
make update-generated
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### cargo
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Rust package manager
|
|
**Usage**: `cargo <subcommand> [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: rust
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Build project
|
|
cargo build
|
|
|
|
# Run project
|
|
cargo run
|
|
|
|
# Run tests
|
|
cargo test
|
|
|
|
# Check code
|
|
cargo check
|
|
|
|
# Update dependencies
|
|
cargo update
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### git
|
|
|
|
**Purpose**: Version control
|
|
**Usage**: `git <subcommand> [options...]`
|
|
**Dependencies**: git
|
|
|
|
#### Examples
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Clone repository
|
|
git clone https://github.com/containers/bootc.git
|
|
|
|
# Check status
|
|
git status
|
|
|
|
# Add files
|
|
git add .
|
|
|
|
# Commit changes
|
|
git commit -m "message"
|
|
|
|
# Push changes
|
|
git push
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
This comprehensive reference covers all external commands used by the bootc exec-in-host-mount-namespace system, providing examples and usage patterns for each command.
|